1型糖尿病的特殊类型:免疫检查点抑制剂所致糖尿病的诊治
编者按:免疫检查点抑制剂(ICI)作为肿瘤免疫治疗的一种新方式而广受关注, 但ICI通过调控免疫应答杀伤肿瘤的同时,过度活化的免疫细胞也可能致机体多个系统产生自身免疫损伤,即免疫相关不良反应。1型糖尿病虽然是较为罕见的免疫相关不良反应,但易发生危及生命的糖尿病酮症酸中毒,且多数需要终生依赖胰岛素治疗。随着临床免疫检查点抑制剂的广泛临床应用,免疫检查点抑制剂相关1型糖尿病(ICI-T1DM)的发生势必越来越多,应引起临床重视。在近期举办的2022中国医师协会内分泌代谢科医师年会上,来自南京医科大学第一附属医院的杨涛教授结合临床病例分享了ICI-T1DM的诊治进展。
从一个病例说起
内分泌不良反应是ICI最常见的不良反应之一
ICI-T1DM的流行病学
ICI-T1DM的遗传学特征
人类白细胞抗原(HLA)基因是T1DM最重要的遗传易感性基因。ICI-T1DM患者中最多见的HLA基因型是HLA-DR4(76%),但由于目前仅有少数研究进行HLA分型,未来还需要大规模的研究进一步评估HLA基因以及其他的遗传风险因素与ICI-T1DM的关联性。
ICI-T1DM的免疫学特征
细胞免疫:胰腺中CD8+T细胞浸润明显
体液免疫:半数出现胰岛自身抗体阳性
ICI-T1DM的临床特征
发病年龄晚
临床表现多样
胰岛功能衰竭快
易合并其他内分泌腺体损伤
ICI-T1DM临床管理
早期诊断
根据血糖水平进行病情分级,一般分为4级(如下表)
首选胰岛素治疗
糖尿病发病后血糖监测频率
血糖控制目标
随访
免疫检查点抑制剂相关糖尿病的管理及随访流程
需再次内分泌干预的时机
总结与展望
ICI-T1DM发病率低,是较少见的不良反应,多见于接受PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂或PD-1/PD-L1联合CTLA-4抑制剂治疗患者。早期诊断及适当管理至关重要。免疫检查点抑制剂所致糖尿病起病急,糖尿病酮症酸中毒常见,糖化血红蛋白常轻-中度升高,发病时几乎无残存胰岛功能,约半数存在胰岛自身抗体,多数需要终生依赖胰岛素治疗。随着免疫检查点抑制剂临床广泛应用,ICI-T1DM势必越来越多,临床医生应当加强认识,以期早期识别、正确处理该类问题。
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(来源:《国际糖尿病》编辑部)
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