I have the answer to a question that we've all asked. The question is, Why is it that the letter X represents the unknown? Now I know we learned that in math class, but now it's everywhere in the culture -- The X prize, the X-Files, Project X, TED X. Where'd that come from?
我来回答一个大家都问过的问题。这个问题是，为什么字母“X”代表着未知数？我知道这在数学课学过，现在它在日常文化里也随处可见X奖，X档案，Project X，TED X。这些都是从哪里来的？
About six years ago I decided that I would learn Arabic, which turns out to be asupremelylogical language. To write a word or a phrase or a sentence in Arabic is likecrafting an equation, because every part is extremely precise and carries a lot of information.That's one of the reasons so much of what we've come to think of as Western science and mathematics and engineering was really worked out in the first few centuries of the Common Era by the Persians and the Arabs and the Turks.
大约六年前，我决定学习阿拉伯语，这是一个非常有逻辑性的语言。每用阿拉伯语写一个词 或一个句子，就如编解一道方程，因为它的每一部分都非常精确，还伴随着很多信息。如此之多的科学、数学和工程学知识，我们以为是西方人发现的，而实际上却是由波斯人、阿拉伯人和土耳其人在公元早期几个世纪发现的，这就是原因之一。
This includes the little system in Arabic called al-jebra. And al-jebr roughly translates to "the system forreconcilingdisparateparts." Al-jebr finally came into English as algebra. One example among many.
这其中包括一个在阿拉伯语中称为“al-jabr”的系统。而“al-jabr”大致的意思是“一套将无关‘代’化成相关的体系”。后来“Al-jabr”变成了英文中的代数，这是众多（关于阿拉伯语的）例子之一。
The Arabic texts containing this mathematical wisdom finallymade their way toEurope -- which is to say Spain -- in the 11th and 12th centuries. And when they arrived there wastremendousinterest in translating this wisdom into a European language.
在11和12世纪，带有数学智慧的阿拉伯文学传播到了欧洲，确切的来说，也就是说西班牙。而它们的到来业给当时社会的人们带来了浓厚的兴趣，想要把这种智慧翻译成为欧洲的语言。
But there were problems. One problem is there are some sounds in Arabic that just don't make it through a European voice box without lots of practice. Trust me on that one. Also, those very sounds tend not to be represented by the characters that are available in European languages.
但是问题也随着出现了，其中一个问题说的是阿拉伯语中存在一些发音，是如果没有经过大量的练习，欧洲人无论如何也无法发出的。此外，这些发音往往不能被欧洲语言中已有的字母来表示。
Here's one of theculprits. This is the letter SHeen, and it makes the sound we think of as SH -- "sh." It's also the very first letter of the word shalan, which means "something" just like the the English word "something" -- some undefined, unknown thing.
有这么一个例子，这是字母“SHeen”，它对应我们英文中SH的发音—“sh”。它也是“shalan”这个词的首字母，意思是“某物”。就跟英语中的“某物 (something)”一个意思，代表某些未定义或未知的东西。
Now in Arabic, we can make this definite by adding the definite article "al." So this is al-shalan -- the unknown thing. And this is a word that appears throughout early mathematics, such as this 10th centuryderivationof proofs.
而在阿拉伯语中，它可以变得有意义。当我们写上定冠词“al”之后，这是al-shalan, 代表着“未知的东西”。而这个单词的行踪贯穿于早期数学，比如在这个10世纪的证明推导题里。
The problem for theMedievalSpanish scholars who were tasked with translating this material is that the letter SHeen and the word shalan can't berendered into Spanish because Spanish doesn't have that SH, that "sh" sound. Soby convention, they created a rule in which they borrowed the CK sound, "ck" sound, from the classical Greek in the form of the letter Kai.
当时负责翻译这些材料的中世纪西班牙学者遇到了难题——这个“SHee”字母和“shalan”一词无法用西班牙语表达，因为西班牙语中没有“SH”的“sh”发音。所以依照惯例，他们创建了一个规则， 他们借用“CK”的发音——“ck”， 这来自于古希腊语中的字母“X (Kai)”。
Later when this material was translated into a common European language, which is to say Latin, they simply replaced the Greek Kai with the Latin X. And once that happened, once this material was in Latin, it formed the basis for mathematics textbooks for almost 600 years.
后来，当这篇文章被翻译成为一种欧洲的通用语言，也就是拉丁语，他们简单的把希腊语中的“X (Kai)” 用拉丁语中的“X”代替。一旦这实现了，一旦翻译成了拉丁语，它就为数学教科书打下了基础，至今已将近600年。
But now we have the answer to our question. Why is it that X is the unknown? X is the unknown because you can't say "sh" in Spanish. (Laughter) And I thought that was worth sharing.
我们现在有了一开始问题的答案。为什么是“X”代表着未知数？“X”是未知数，因为你无法在西班牙语中发"sh"这个音。我认为这值得分享。